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电气科学与工程
多传感器多目标跟踪与高维物体状态
作者：Wenyu Zhang, Florian Meyer
摘要：
被动声学或无线电源的被动监测在现代便利、公共安全和监视中具有重要的应用。被动监测的一个关键任务是多传感器跟踪（MOT）。本文提出了一种基于因子图和求和算法（SPA）的贝叶斯方法，用于解决高维物体状态的多传感器跟踪问题。我们的方法是在因子图和求和算法（SPA）的框架下开发的，并使用随机样本或“粒子”进行实现。由SPA提供的多模态概率密度函数（pdf）通过高斯混合模型（GMM）得到了有效表示。要在高维空间中执行SPA的操作，我们利用粒子流（PFL）。在这里，粒子根据偏微分方程的解向高概率区域迁移。这使得即使在具有单个传感器测量且维度低于物体位置的挑战性多传感器MOT场景中，也可以获得良好的物体检测和跟踪性能。我们在被动声学监测场景中进行了一组数值评估，其中多个源在由一对水听器提供的3D时间差到达测量中进行跟踪。我们的数值结果表明，与最先进的参考技术相比，检测和估计精度具有优势。
Abstract：
Passive monitoring of acoustic or radio sources has important applications in modern convenience, public safety, and surveillance. A key task in passive monitoring is multiobject tracking (MOT). This paper presents a Bayesian method for multisensor MOT for challenging tracking problems where the object states are high-dimensional, and the measurements follow a nonlinear model. Our method is developed in the framework of factor graphs and the sum-product algorithm (SPA) and implemented using random samples or "particles". The multimodal probability density functions (pdfs) provided by the SPA are effectively represented by a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). To perform the operations of the SPA in high-dimensional spaces, we make use of Particle flow (PFL). Here, particles are migrated towards regions of high likelihood based on the solution of a partial differential equation. This makes it possible to obtain good object detection and tracking performance even in challenging multisensor MOT scenarios with single sensor measurements that have a lower dimension than the object positions. We perform a numerical evaluation in a passive acoustic monitoring scenario where multiple sources are tracked in 3-D from 1-D time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) measurements provided by pairs of hydrophones. Our numerical results demonstrate favorable detection and estimation accuracy compared to state-of-the-art reference techniques.
检验医学
功能连接性与从中度至重度抑郁症的快速缓解有关
作者：Xiaoqian Xiao,Brandon S. Bentzley,Eleanor J. Cole,Claudia Tischler,Katy H. Stimpson,Dalton Duvio,James H. Bishop,Danielle D. DeSouza,Alan Schatzberg,Corey Keller,Keith D. Sudheimer,Nolan R. Williams
摘要：
主要抑郁障碍（MDD）是一种普遍且破坏性的疾病，而改善治疗手段受到对疾病缓解相关神经变化理解不足的限制。因此，阐明这些变化的努力因疾病异质性和治疗效果差、延迟发病以及显著的副作用而具有挑战性。我们开发了一种重复 transcranial magnetic stimulation（rTMS）左前额叶皮质左下部（lDLPFC）的形式，在开放标签研究中，与1-5天内缓解MDD的90%患者相关（斯坦福加速智能神经调节疗法，SAINT）。这为研究MDD缓解时的功能连接（FC）变化提供了一种工具。在18名中度至重度、治疗抵抗性MDD患者中，进行rTMS和功能磁共振成像（fMRI）前后的研究。在SAINT后，FC在亚脑下垂体（sgACC）和4个默认模式网络（DMN）节点之间的区域显著降低。以下结构的FC降低也观察到：DLPFC-striatum，DLPFC-amygdala，DMN-amygdala，DMN-striatum 和 amygdala-striatum。更大程度的临床改善与DLPFC-amygdala和DLPFC-insertion之间的FC降低以及sgACC-DMN之间的FC降低相关。更大程度的临床改善与DMN-DLPFC、DMN-striatum 和 DMN-ventrolateral 前额叶皮质之间的FC降低相关。我们观察到SAINT和抑郁缓解后FC的多次显著降低，这些降低支持了这样的假设，即MDD是这些网络中的一种超连接状态，而网络节点之间的快速解耦可能导致抑郁症的快速缓解。摘要 主要抑郁障碍是一种常见且具有破坏性的疾病。研究抑郁症相关的大脑变化一直很难进行，因为治疗需要几周至数月的时间才能产生效果，而许多人症状无法缓解。我们最近开发了一种磁脑刺激术，称为SAINT。SAINT在5天内使90%的人完全摆脱抑郁症。我们用SAINT和功能磁共振成像研究了抑郁症的快速缓解。我们发现与情绪调节相关的脑区域的改变。这为了解非抑郁的大脑与抑郁的大脑之间的差异提供了更清晰的画面，可以用来研发快速且有效的抑郁症治疗。
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is prevalent and debilitating, and development of improved treatments is limited by insufficient understanding of the neurological changes associated with disease remission. In turn, efforts to elucidate these changes have been challenging due to disease heterogeneity as well as limited effectiveness, delayed onset, and significant off-target effects of treatments. We developed a form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) that in an open-label study was associated with remission from MDD in 90% of individuals in 1-5 days (Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy, SAINT). This provides a tool to begin exploring the functional connectivity (FC) changes associated with MDD remission. Resting-state fMRI scans were performed before and after SAINT in 18 participants with moderate-to-severe, treatment-resistant MDD. FC was determined between regions of interest defined a priori by well-described roles in emotion regulation. Following SAINT, FC was significantly decreased between subgenual cingulate cortex (sgACC) and 3 of 4 default mode network (DMN) nodes. Significant reductions in FC were also observed between the following: DLPFC-striatum, DLPFC-amygdala, DMN-amygdala, DMN-striatum, and amygdala-striatum. Greater clinical improvements were correlated with larger decreases in FC between DLPFC-amygdala and DLPFC-insula, as well as smaller decreases in FC between sgACC-DMN. Greater clinical improvements were correlated with lower baseline FC between DMN-DLPFC, DMN-striatum, and DMN-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. The multiple, significant reductions in FC we observed following SAINT and remission from depression support the hypothesis that MDD is a state of hyper-connectivity within these networks, and rapid decoupling of network nodes may lead to rapid remission from depression.Significance statement Major depressive disorder is common and debilitating. It has been difficult to study the brain changes associated with recovery from depression, because treatments take weeks-to-months to become effective, and symptoms fail to resolve in many people. We recently developed a type of magnetic brain stimulation called SAINT. SAINT leads to full remission from depression in 90% of people within 5 days. We used SAINT and functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine how the brain changes with rapid remission from depression. We found changes in areas of the brain associated with emotion regulation. This provides a significantly clearer picture of how the non-depressed brain differs from the depressed brain, which can be used to develop rapid and effective treatments for depression.
生态学
远程感知帝企鹅数量和繁殖成功率
作者：Alexander Winterl,Sebastian Richter,Aymeric Houstin,Teo Barracho,Matthieu Boureau,Clement Cornec,Douglas Couet,Robin Cristofari,Claire Eiselt,Ben Fabry,Adelie Krellenstein,Christoph Mark,Astrid Mainka,Delphine Menard,Jennifer Morinay,Susie Pottier,Elodie Schloesing,Celine Le Bohec,Daniel P. Zitterbart
摘要：
帝企鹅（Aptenodytes forsteri）正面临日益增加的环境压力。监测南极海鸟殖民地大小和趋势的主要依赖是记录在繁殖季节末期，即照明水平足以捕捉图像的卫星图像。然而，殖民地占用率高度变化。为纠正该变异性的人口估计，我们开发了一个生态学模型，准确预测从单一季节的六个数据点预测繁殖对的数量和孵出蛋的数目，以及关键生态学事件，如到达、孵化和觅食时间。从稀疏数据中进行扩展的能力使得该模型特别适用于监测远程感动物群，由于地面上的人口估计非常少或不可用。
Abstract：
Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) are under increasing environmental pressure. Monitoring colony size and trends of this Antarctic seabird relies primarily on satellite imagery recorded near the end of the breeding season, when illumination levels are sufficient to capture images, but colony occupancy is highly variable. To correct population estimates for this variability, we develop a phenological model that accurately predicts the number of breeding pairs and fledging chicks, as well as key phenological events such as arrival, hatching and foraging times, from as few as six data points from a single season. The ability to extrapolate occupancy from sparse data makes the model particularly useful for monitoring remotely sensed animal colonies where ground-based population estimates are very rare or unavailable.
神经科学与心理学
从GBA1突变患者中获得的α-synuclein前纤维以及宿主小鼠基因型对小鼠嗅觉球鼻腔的播种效果没有显著影响
作者：Bryan Killinger,Jeffrey H. Kordower,Sara Walton,Alexis Fenyi,Tyler Tittle,Solji Choi,Ellen Sidransky,Gian Paul,Ronald Melki
摘要：
帕金森病(PD)是一种以渐进性运动症状和神经元中α-synuclein(αsyn)聚集为特征的神经退行性疾病。目前尚不清楚，某些GBA突变患者(GBA-PD)的PD病情进展更积极。两个可能解释这一现象的假说是：GBA1突变促进αsyn扩散或驱动具有高度致病性的αsyn多形核（即菌株）的生成。我们通过用人类α-syn前纤维（PFF）治疗纯合GBA1 D409V敲入（KI）小鼠，用来自PD和GBA-PD患者的几种αsyn-PFF多形核（即菌株）治疗野生型小鼠，来测试这些假说。在注射点（即嗅觉球颗粒层）和大脑中6个月的时间段内，观察到Robust的磷化αsyn（PSER129）阳性病理学。无论小鼠的基因型如何，PFF接种后的免疫阳性率在注射点（即嗅觉球颗粒层）和整个大脑中相似。我们发现，来自人类大脑的PFF，无论患者基因型如何，通常比完全合成PFF更有效的种子，但PFF浓度在这两个研究中有所不同，这可能也解释了观察到的差异。为了调查不同接种条件下的病理分子组成是否不同，我们用抗体识别PSER129（BAR-PSER129）进行生物素化。我们发现，对于BAR-PSER129，内源性PSER129池主导识别相互作用，因此非常少的潜在相互作用被明确指出，对于接种的病理。然而，我们发现Dctn2相互作用在所有PFF条件下是共享的，而Nckap1和Ap3b2是仅限于GBA-PD突变的PFF所独有的。总之，基因型和αsyn菌株对整体接种效果和PSER129-相互作用效果的影响很小。
Abstract：
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor symptoms and alpha-synuclein (αsyn) aggregation in the nervous system. For unclear reasons, PD patients with certain GBA mutations (GBA-PD) have a more aggressive clinical progression. Two testable hypotheses that can potentially account for this phenomenon are that GBA1 mutations promote αsyn spread or drive the generation of highly pathogenic αsyn polymorphs (i.e., strains). We tested these hypotheses by treating homozygous GBA1 D409V knockin (KI) mice with human α-syn-preformed fibrils (PFFs) and treating wild-type mice (WT) with several αsyn-PFF polymorphs amplified from brain autopsy samples collected from patients with idiopathic PD and GBA-PD patients with either homozygous or heterozygous GBA1 mutations. Robust phosphorylated-αsyn (PSER129) positive pathology was observed at the injection site (i.e., the olfactory bulb granular layer) and throughout the brain six months following PFF injection. The PFF seeding efficiency and degree of spread were similar regardless of the mouse genotype or PFF polymorphs. We found that PFFs amplified from the human brain, regardless of patient genotype, were generally more effective seeders than wholly synthetic PFFs (i.e., non-amplified); however, PFF concentration differed between these two studies, and this might also account for the observed differences. To investigate whether the molecular composition of pathology differed between different seeding conditions, we permed Biotinylation by Antibody Recognition on PSER129 (BAR-PSER129). We found that for BAR-PSER129, the endogenous PSER129 pool dominated identified interactions, and thus, very few potential interactions were explicitly identified for seeded pathology. However, we found Dctn2 interaction was shared across all PFF conditions, and Nckap1 and Ap3b2 were unique to PFFs amplified from GBA-PD brains of heterozygous mutation carriers. In conclusion, both the genotype and αsyn strain had little effect on overall seeding efficacy and global PSER129-interactions.
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